Making Learning Work: How to Use Instructional Design Models Effectively

Instructional Design Models Why They Matter and How to Use Them Effectively

You’ve built a eLearning course. The content is solid, the platform works flawlessly… but learners aren’t engaged, retention is low, and behaviour isn’t changing.

The problem? eLearning without structure is just information.

That’s why instructional design models comein—to turn learning into an experience that captures attention and drives real-world impact. From ADDIE to Bloom’s Taxonomy, Merrill’s First Principles to SAM, each model provides a unique way to design for engagement and retention. With so many models out there, how do you choose the right one for your training needs?

Different learning objectives call for different design approaches. Here are some of the most widely used instructional design models and how to apply them effectively.

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#1: ADDIE Model

ADDIE stands for Analyse, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. It’s a systematic framework that ensures training is well-planned, effectively developed, and continuously improved. It works best for structured, large-scale learning projects where clear planning and thorough evaluation are essential.

That said, traditional ADDIE can sometimes feel too linear and slow-moving for fast-paced projects. In such cases, more agile approaches—like SAM (Successive Approximation Model)—may be better suited for rapid iteration and feedback cycles.

When to Use ADDIE:

When designing comprehensive training programmes (e.g., corporate onboarding, technical skills training).
When stakeholder approval is required at multiple stages.
When you need a structured, methodical process to ensure learning effectiveness.

Example:

Developing a detailed employee onboarding curriculum that systematically covers company culture, role-specific responsibilities, compliance requirements, and performance assessments—ensuring each stage is reviewed, tested, and refined before moving to the next.

#2: Successive Approximation Model (SAM)

SAM (Successive Approximation Model) is an agile, iterative approach to instructional design, where feedback loops are built in early and often. Unlike ADDIE’s linear, step-by-step process, SAM allows for continuous testing, rapid iteration, and refinement—making it ideal for fast-paced projects where flexibility is key.

However, without clear structure and planning, SAM can become chaotic. It works best when paired with solid instructional design principles and a clear vision from the outset.

When to Use SAM:

When working on fast-paced projects that need quick iterations.
When stakeholders need to see early prototypes before full development.
When designing interactive, engaging content that benefits from user feedback.

Example:

Creating a responsive product training programme for sales teams, frequently updated based on user feedback, new product features, and shifting market demands—allowing for rapid, real-time improvements while keeping content relevant and engaging.

#3: Merrill’s Principles of Instruction – Focused on Real-World Application

This model emphasises learning by doing, structured around five core principles that promote deeper engagement and practical skill development:

Problem-Centred – Learners solve real-world challenges.
Activation – Connects new learning to prior knowledge.
Demonstration – Shows how skills are applied.
Application – Provides opportunities to practice.
Integration – Encourages learners to use skills in real-world scenarios.

It’s particularly effective for task-based, hands-on training that requires problem-solving and real-world application. However, if the content is too abstract or lacks context, this model can lose its impact. For it to work well, problem-solving must feel authentic and relevant.

When to Use Merrill’s Principles:

When designing technical or software training.
When learners need to practice decision-making in real situations.
When creating scenario-based or simulation learning.

Example:

Designing an immersive customer service training module where learners interact with realistic customer scenarios, practising real-time problem-solving, communication, and conflict resolution to build confidence and capability.

#4: Bloom’s Taxonomy

Bloom’s Taxonomy organises learning into six cognitive levels, helping educators and learning designers structure content that moves from basic understanding to higher-order thinking:

Remembering – Recall basic facts.
Understanding – Explain concepts in one’s own words.
Applying – Use knowledge in practical situations.
Analysing – Break down information to see relationships.
Evaluating – Make judgments based on criteria.
Creating – Generate new ideas or products.

This model is best for designing learning objectives that go beyond memorisation and recall. However, many eLearning programmes often remain at the “remembering” level, relying heavily on multiple-choice quizzes instead of incorporating activities that foster application, analysis, and creation.

When to Use Bloom’s:

When designing assessments and learning objectives.
When structuring course progression (e.g., moving from basic to advanced concepts).
When ensuring that learners not only understand but also apply and create.

Example:

Developing a leadership development curriculum that starts with core leadership principles, then builds towards strategic thinking, problem-solving, and high-level decision-making simulations, encouraging learners to apply and create at increasingly complex levels.

So, which model should you use?

It depends on your objectives, learners, and project constraints. Here are a few best practices to make the most of instructional design models:

Start with the learner – Choose a model that fits how your learners need to engage with the content, not just what’s easiest to develop.
Combine models when needed – No single model fits every situation. You might use ADDIE for project management, Merrill’s First Principles for content development, and Bloom’s Taxonomy to structure learning objectives.
Stay flexible – Instructional design isn’t one-size-fits-all. A rigid approach can slow down progress. Adapt your methods as needed to deliver the best learner experience.
Focus on real-world application – No matter which model you use, always ensure learning is practical, interactive, and actionable.

Instructional design models provide a structured approach to creating engaging and effective learning experiences. Whether you’re designing technical training, leadership development, or compliance courses, choosing the right model can make all the difference.